[151], Other threats to elephants include habitat destruction and fragmentation. The animal's field of vision is compromised by the location and limited mobility of the eyes. The high market value has caused more exploitation of these animals. [115][116] The relatively long pregnancy is maintained by five corpus luteums (as opposed to one in most mammals) and gives the foetus more time to develop, particularly the brain and trunk. Other threats to wild elephants include habitat destruction and conflicts with local people. At midday, elephants rest under trees and may doze off while standing. Required fields are marked *, Copyright © 2020 | About | ToS | Privacy Policy | Disclosure | Contact | Sitemap. [6] Elephants retain certain features from their aquatic ancestry, such as their middle ear anatomy. [72] Another possible function for this adaptation is that it helps the animal suck up water through the trunk. Elephants love to swim in the rivers and streams. [187] In Asia, the animals are depicted as motifs in Hindu and Buddhist shrines and temples. They have been observed to have "nursing units" and "juvenile-care units". After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dust onto its body and this dries into a protective crust. Thus it would be difficult to remove it without harming the animal. [89] Elephants tend to have high numbers of parasites, particularly nematodes, compared to other herbivores. The second set of chewing teeth falls out at four to six years old. Of all the elephants, African bush elephants live in the hottest climates, and have the largest ear flaps. [192] The animals' religious importance is only totemic in Africa[193] but is much more significant in Asia. Those of equal rank tend to avoid each other. [122], Elephants produce several sounds, usually through the larynx, though some may be modified by the trunk. [148] Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Malawi wanted to continue the ivory trade and were allowed to, since their local elephant populations were healthy, but only if their supplies were from elephants that had been culled or died of natural causes. The largest elephant recorded was one shot in Angola, 1974. Loxodonta remained in Africa while Mammuthus and Elephas spread to Eurasia, and the former reached North America. In 1989, the African elephant was listed under Appendix I by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), making trade illegal. [25], The skeleton of the elephant is made up of 326–351 bones. [190] Max Ernst's 1921 surrealist painting, The Elephant Celebes, depicts an elephant as a silo with a trunk-like hose protruding from it. Elephants are fascinating creatures. The long trunk of an elephant is one of its important features. [126] For African elephants, calls range from 15 to 35 Hz with sound pressure levels as high as 117 dB, allowing communication for many kilometres, with a possible maximum range of around 10 km (6 mi). Contact calls are soft, unmodulated sounds made by individuals that have been separated from their group and may be responded to with a "contact answer" call that starts out loud, but becomes softer. [6] The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. [23], At the beginning of the Pleistocene, elephantids experienced a high rate of speciation. [41], Elephant ears have thick bases with thin tips. [28] Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader. Palaeoloxodon falconeri of Malta and Sicily was only 100 cm (3 ft 3 in) and had probably evolved from the straight-tusked elephant. Our approach is real world, not theoretical, and you'll learn through the lens of "being of benefit"—using your work to bring out A unique sphincter-like muscle around the ear canal constricts the passageway, thereby dampening acoustic signals and allowing the animal to hear more seismic signals. Members of this group included Gomphotherium and Platybelodon. [2] It is attested in Mycenaean Greek as e-re-pa (genitive e-re-pa-to) in Linear B syllabic script. October 11, 2020 October 9, 2020 by AtoZ Essays. Elephants are considered to be one of the most intelligent animal species to ever exist. [81] Elephants can have a negative impact on ecosystems. They are typically surrogates for humans with ideal human values. Local people have reported their belief that some elephants were drunk during their attacks, although officials have disputed this explanation. Elephants are incapable of rotating their front legs, as the ulna and radius are fixed in pronation; the "palm" of the manus faces backward. Elephant definition is - a thickset, usually extremely large, nearly hairless, herbivorous mammal (family Elephantidae, the elephant family) that has a snout elongated into a muscular trunk and two incisors in the upper jaw developed especially in the male into long ivory tusks:. An unwanted or useless item, as in The cottage at the lake had become a real white elephanttoo run down to sell, yet costly to keep up, or Grandma's ornate silver is a white elephant; no one wants it but it's too valuable to discard. [162], One of the earliest references to war elephants is in the Indian epic Mahabharata (written in the 4th century BC, but said to describe events between the 11th and 8th centuries BC). [175] In Africa, groups of adolescent elephants damaged homes in villages after cullings in the 1970s and 1980s. [117], Play behaviour in calves differs between the sexes; females run or chase each other while males play-fight. These animals are typically captured from the wild when they are 10–20 years old when they can be trained quickly and easily, and will have a longer working life. [140] In June 2016, the First Lady of Kenya, Margaret Kenyatta, helped launch the East Africa Grass-Root Elephant Education Campaign Walk, organised by elephant conservationist Jim Nyamu. Like all mammals, an elephant can raise or lower its temperature a few degrees from the average in response to extreme environmental conditions. [21], The second radiation was represented by the emergence of the gomphotheres in the Miocene,[21] which likely evolved from Eritreum[20] and originated in Africa, spreading to every continent except Australia and Antarctica. At Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda, the overabundance of elephants has threatened several species of small birds that depend on woodlands. [166] These animals do not reproduce well in captivity, due to the difficulty of handling musth bulls and limited understanding of female oestrous cycles. We have written the useful and helpful essay on My Parents for School and College Students. [9], Three species of elephants are recognised; the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) and forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) of sub-Saharan Africa, and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) of South and Southeast Asia. Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin suffers serious damage. By 1989, the population was estimated to be 609,000; with 277,000 in Central Africa, 110,000 in eastern Africa, 204,000 in southern Africa, and 19,000 in western Africa. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. After 1987, losses in elephant numbers accelerated, and savannah populations from Cameroon to Somalia experienced a decline of 80%. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu. [129] Elephants appear to use seismics for a number of purposes. They replace deciduous milk teeth at 6–12 months of age and grow continuously at about 17 cm (7 in) a year. While the elephant brain is larger overall, it is proportionally smaller. As elephants mature, their hair darkens and becomes sparser, but dense concentrations of hair and bristles remain on the end of the tail as well as the chin, genitals and the areas around the eyes and ear openings. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, when Europeans had little to no access to the animals, elephants were portrayed more like fantasy creatures. [50] Tuskless males exist and are particularly common among Sri Lankan elephants. [96], Male elephants can be quite sociable when not competing for dominance or mates, and will form long-term relationships. The African species are further divided into two types- African bush elephants and African forest elephants. Elephants have a fission–fusion society, in which multiple family groups come together to socialise. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in Luanga National Park, Zambia Elephants are the largest living land mammals. [168] Elephants have been recorded displaying stereotypical behaviours in the form of swaying back and forth, trunk swaying, or route tracing. Both the male and the female elephants of Africa have a stronger gripping trunk. Elephants are highly recognisable and have been featured in art, folklore, religion, literature, and popular culture. Seismic waveforms produced by locomotion appear to travel distances of up to 32 km (20 mi) while those from vocalisations travel 16 km (10 mi). elephant definition: 1. a very large grey mammal that has a trunk (= long nose) with which it can pick things up 2. a…. [163] From South Asia, the use of elephants in warfare spread west to Persia[162] and east to Southeast Asia. When they get irritated, they can be wildly dangerous. This has been observed in 54% of individuals in UK zoos. [62] Since the limb bones are placed on top of each other and under the body, an elephant can stand still for long periods of time without using much energy. If a calf wants to rest, it will press against its mother's front legs and when it wants to suckle, it will touch her breast or leg. These cavities give the inside of the skull a honeycomb-like appearance. Showing page 1. noun elephant, elephants 1 A heavy plant-eating mammal with a prehensile trunk, long curved ivory tusks, and large ears, native to Africa and southern Asia. The large ear flaps assist in maintaining a constant body temperature as well as in communication. Africa, in particular, contains many rock paintings and engravings of the animals, especially in the Sahara and southern Africa. [123] Perhaps the most well known call is the trumpet which is made by blowing through the trunk. Tusks, which are derived from the incisor teeth, serve both as weapons and as tools for moving objects and digging. They and other captive elephants are thus protected under The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960. Ptolemy, who was one of Alexander's generals, used corps of Asian elephants during his reign as the ruler of Egypt (which began in 323 BC). It contains up to 150,000 separate muscle fascicles, with no bone and little fat. Larger bull groups consisting of over 10 members occur only among African bush elephants, the largest of which numbered up to 144 individuals. elephant - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. Speaker has an accent from Edinburgh, Scotland. [184], Parable of the elephant and the blind monks; illustrated by Hanabusa Itchō. An Asian elephant has been observed modifying branches and using them as flyswatters. [162], Overall, elephants owed their initial successes to the element of surprise and to the fear that their great size invoked. Elephants are mostly found in Africa and Asia. Asian elephants have smaller ears, a convex or level back, smoother skin, a horizontal abdomen that occasionally sags in the middle and one extension at the tip of the trunk. [82] In Asian forests, large seeds require giant herbivores like elephants and rhinoceros for transport and dispersal. Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia and are found in different habitats, including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. [197] As characters, elephants are most common in children's stories, in which they are generally cast as models of exemplary behaviour. [149] Asian elephants are potentially less vulnerable to the ivory trade, as females usually lack tusks. [101] A cow in oestrus releases chemical signals (pheromones) in her urine and vaginal secretions to signal her readiness to mate. A durable nictitating membrane protects the eye globe. [159][160], The practice of working elephants has also been attempted in Africa. [85] Calves may be preyed on by lions, spotted hyenas, and wild dogs in Africa[86] and tigers in Asia. Much of the tusk can be seen outside; the rest is in a socket in the skull. These actions have made elephants an endangered species now. Family groups tend to be small, consisting of one or two adult females and their offspring. They were often depicted with horse- or bovine-like bodies with trumpet-like trunks and tusks like a boar; some were even given hooves. [61] In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. Size is the determining factor in agonistic encounters when the individuals have the same condition. 10 lines on Elephant in English The elephant is a large size living creature on the earth. 5. describe the year in which this event took place as the Year of the Elephant, and in the same year, Muhammad was born. He may urinate with his penis still in his sheath, which causes the urine to spray on his hind legs. [144], In 2008, the IUCN listed the Asian elephant as endangered due to a 50% population decline over the past 60–75 years[145] while CITES lists the species under Appendix I. The elephant is the largest land-dwelling mammal. The former are sexually mature by the age of nine years[108] while the latter become mature around 14–15 years. There were 13,000–16,500 working elephants employed in Asia in 2000. After a year, a calf's abilities to groom, drink, and feed itself are fully developed. Excited elephants may raise their trunks. Mammutids continued to evolve into new species, such as the American mastodon. Vocal production mechanisms at certain frequencies are similar to that of humans and other mammals and the laryngeal tissues are subjected to self-maintained oscillations. They are the biggest land mammals. They are the descendants of an extinct species called mammoth. [145] Historically, numerous cultures made ornaments and other works of art from elephant ivory, and its use rivalled that of gold. Your email address will not be published. [108] Typically, only a single young is born, but twins sometimes occur. [99], Elephants are polygynous breeders,[100] and copulations are most frequent during the peak of the wet season. The main characteristic of a bull's musth is a fluid secreted from the temporal gland that runs down the side of his face. This occurred primarily during the Pleistocene when some elephant populations became isolated by fluctuating sea levels, although dwarf elephants did exist earlier in the Pliocene. Dwarf elephants of uncertain descent lived in Crete, Cyclades, and Dodecanese while dwarf mammoths are known to have lived in Sardinia. Malay elephant populations have even smaller family units, and do not have any social organisation higher than a family or bond group. Trumpeting is made during excitement, distress or aggression. [117] A new calf is usually the centre of attention for herd members. [65] Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 25 km/h (16 mph). Translate Elephants. [169] Elephants in European zoos appear to have shorter lifespans than their wild counterparts at only 17 years, although other studies suggest that zoo elephants live as long those in the wild. The long bones of the limbs have cancellous bone in place of medullary cavities. They are a very important part of our nature. Elephants are herbivores. [32] Elephants inhale mostly through the trunk, although some air goes through the mouth. [Updated*] GATE 2021 Exam Pattern, Marking Scheme, Paper Pattern, UPTU/UPSEE 2021 Exam Pattern: Marking Scheme, Subjects, Questions, [Latest*] JEE Main Syllabus 2021 [Paper 1 & 2] PDF Download, JEE Main 2021 Exam Pattern: Marking Scheme, Questions, Duration, NEET Exam Pattern 2021: Marking Scheme, Total Marks & Questions, Arunachal Pradesh ITI Admission 2021: Application Form, Dates, Eligibility, Bihar ITICAT 2021 Admission: Application, Exam Dates, Eligibility Criteria, Rajasthan ITI Admission 2021: Application, Dates, Eligibility, Merit List, West Bengal ITI 2021: Application Form, Dates, Eligibility, Syllabus, Uttarakhand ITI Admission 2021: Application, Dates, Eligibility, Syllabus. You can tell the difference between Asian and African elephants from the shape of their ears because they are shaped as the maps of India and Africa. Proponents of zoos argue that they offer researchers easy access to the animals and provide money and expertise for preserving their natural habitats, as well as safekeeping for the species. While they frightened the Roman horses, they were not decisive and Pyrrhus ultimately lost the battle. No! [8] Elephants and sirenians are further grouped in the clade Tethytheria. This ecological niche cannot be filled by the next largest herbivore, the tapir. Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea; extinct members include the mastodons. [155], Individuals of the Asian species have been often trained as working animals. They appear to rely on their leg and shoulder bones to transmit the signals to the middle ear. [6] It can be used for delicate tasks, such as wiping an eye and checking an orifice,[47] and is capable of cracking a peanut shell without breaking the seed. At Mount Elgon, elephants excavate caves that are used by ungulates, hyraxes, bats, birds and insects. The family Elephantidae also contains several now-extinct groups, including the mammoths and straight-tusked elephants. This gap is helpful for the growth of new plants. She loved the elephants and spent a good ten minutes pointing and making elephant noises. Despite this, he denied that any of these practices harm elephants. Elephants typically have grey skin, but African elephants look brown or reddish after wallowing in coloured mud. Alloparenting – where a calf is cared for by someone other than its mother – takes place in some family groups. [127] Infrasonic calls are important, particularly for long-distance communication,[123] in both Asian and African elephants. The dentine is known as ivory and its cross-section consists of crisscrossing line patterns, known as "engine turning", which create diamond-shaped areas. Elephant Academy has graduated 1000s of students over the past 10 years. Female Asians have very small tusks, or none at all. we will soonly update Essay on Elephant in Hindi, Telugu. [36] The vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. This could have a factual basis; they possibly have cognitive maps to allow them to remember large-scale spaces over long periods of time. [62] Elephants are capable swimmers. [125], From various experiments, the elephant larynx is shown to produce various and complex vibratory phenomena. Forest is their natural habitat. It takes a female 22 months from conception to have a baby. [108], For the first few days, the newborn is unsteady on its feet, and needs the support of its mother. They are also found in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. Elephants use their trunk to pick food and also to strike. When fighting, they are used to attack and defend, and to protect the trunk. They stay in their group and make sure not to hurt any innocent creature. (UNESCO World Heritage Sites), Woodcut illustration for "The Elephant's Child" by Rudyard Kipling, This article is about the living species. While eating in the forest, elephants create gaps in the vegetation. The muscles of the trunk connect to a bony opening in the skull. After its first month, a calf can pick up, hold, and put objects in its mouth, but cannot suck water through the trunk and must drink directly through the mouth. [95], The social circle of the female elephant does not necessarily end with the small family unit. In extreme cases, elephants may be confined to small islands of forest among human-dominated landscapes. The first chewing tooth on each side of the jaw falls out when the elephant is two to three years old. However, if someone tries to mess with these Royal creatures, the survival chances are a bare minimum. At Aberdare National Park, Kenya, a rhino attacked an elephant calf and was killed by the other elephants in the group. [47] Individuals may show lateral preference when grasping with their trunks: some prefer to twist them to the left, others to the right. In contests between musth and non-musth individuals, musth bulls win the majority of the time, even when the non-musth bull is larger. In Africa, they are mostly found in the western and central parts. [107] For young females, the approach of an older bull can be intimidating, so her relatives stay nearby to provide support and reassurance. [145] China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced they would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May 2015, and in September 2015, China and the United States said "they would enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory" due to causes of extinction. This individual was even able to score a high accuracy rating when re-tested with the same visual pairs a year later. The Romans in particular pitted them against humans and other animals in gladiator events. Births tend to take place during the wet season. A newly developed tusk has a smooth enamel cap that eventually wears off. [68], A male elephant's testes are located internally near the kidneys. Bulls in musth emit a distinctive, low-frequency pulsated rumble nicknamed the "motorcycle". [71] The blood vessels in most of the body are wide and thick and can withstand high blood pressures. Educating the public about their importance is mandatory. They die younger. Successful conservation efforts in certain areas have led to high population densities. Elephants in the wild live for about 60 years, on average. [25] Loxodonta atlantica became the most common species in northern and southern Africa but was replaced by Elephas iolensis later in the Pleistocene. [178][179] Purportedly drunk elephants attacked an Indian village a second time in December 2002, killing six people, which led to the killing of about 200 elephants by locals. the elephant will escape and run then come back ur parents sacrificed their comforts for our better life. [10] African elephants have larger ears, a concave back, more wrinkled skin, a sloping abdomen, and two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk. Older elephants use trunk-slaps, kicks, and shoves to discipline younger ones. These conditions, particularly in Southeast Asia, the elephant is very,. In ) and internal elephants had a total loss of 43 % other elephants... 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